Indepth Electrical engineering

In every machine it becomes always very important to measure temperature of machines as we know what is ambient temperature on which machine runs and running temperature of machine, machine breakdowns can be reduced. If we know that machine temperature is rising then we can easily understand from that there is some abnormality with the machine. So it becomes prime importance to know and monitor the temperature of machines irrespective of their design. In this article we will study about various methods of temperature measurement. Method of measurement of Temperature rise in Machines:- In machines there is very difficult to measure temperature as there is complex heat flow through materials having different conductivities and heat transfer co-efficient. There are following methods for temperature measurement in machines:- 1.     Thermometer method 2.     Resistance method 3.     Temperature detector 1.  ...

Effect of Environmental Factors on Rating of Electrical Machines Every electrical machine is designed to deliver its rated performance under standard environmental conditions defined by manufacturers and international standards (such as IEC, NEMA, IS). However, in real-world applications, factors like temperature, altitude, and humidity may vary significantly. These deviations directly impact the cooling, efficiency, insulation life, and overall rating of the machine. Below, we discuss how different environmental parameters affect the performance and rating of induction motors and other electrical machines. 1. Effect of Temperature The ability of a machine to handle load primarily depends on how efficiently it can dissipate heat generated during operation. Low Ambient Temperature : Machines perform better in colder climates because the temperature difference between the winding and ambient air increases, improving cooling efficiency. 👉 Exam...

There are two types of Tap changers in Transformers depending upon the rating of transformer. Off-load Tap changer On-Load Tap changer If a tap-changer is designed to operate with the transformer out of circuit the it is called off-load tap changer. In that Transformer line should be disconnected completely before changing the tap. If a Tap changer is designed to operate with the transformer in circuit then it is called as On-Load tap changer i.e. tap can be changed even when transformer will remains in line. Read about about why and where tap changer required in Transformer:- Read here Let’s discuss here about off –load or No load Tap changer:- No Load Tap Changer:- This type of Tap changer is used for seasonal voltage variations as in Summers load on HT increases leads to drop in HT voltage so O/P can be increased by using Transformer Tap changer and in Winters when load get reduced HT voltage restores to normal levels then tap changer position can be do...

Universal Motors – Working, Characteristics, and Applications What is a Universal Motor? A universal motor is a type of series-wound commutated motor that can operate on both AC and DC supply . It is essentially a DC series motor modified for AC operation . These motors are compact, inexpensive, and capable of running at very high speeds, making them ideal for household appliances and portable power tools. Applications of Universal Motors Universal motors are widely used in small and medium appliances where variable speed and high starting torque are essential: Power tools (drills, grinders, saws) Food processors & mixers Vacuum cleaners Sewing machines Washing machines (agitation + spin cycles) Hair dryers & small domestic appliances Construction & Operating Principle Series-wound design : Armature and field winding connected in series through a commutator. On AC supply : Current reverses in both arm...

Why Tap Changer required in Transformer?? Every equipment  is designed to operate at a particular voltage level. So it becomes extremely important to keep that voltage within limits. To keep terminal voltage within limits transformers are provided with tap changers. Tap changer can be provided either on primary or secondary depending upon requirement. Principle behind the tap changer is same. For regulating secondary output voltage no. of turns in primary or secondary winding are changed. e.g. let V(p),N(p) and V(s), N(s) are primary and secondary quantities. If N(p) decreased emf per turn on primary winding i.e. V(p)/ N(p) increases therefore it will leads to increase in O/P voltage as Secondary O/P voltage is {V(p)/ N(p)} XN(s). Similarly if N(s) is increased and N (p) kept constant then by same formulae we find that same effect on primary and secondary voltages. So we can say that decreasing primary turns and increasing secondary turns have same effect on vol...

Soft-Starter is a Solid State device used for starting of motor . Soft- Starters temporarily reduce the load and torque on motor during starting of motor. This will leads to reduced mechanical stress on the motor shaft as well as electrical stress on Power cables and whole electrical systems. In Typical Star-Delta Starter Starting current is about 3-6 times rated current of motor but using Soft-Starters this staring current can be reduced to 2-4 times motor rated current. This is ultimately reduces stress on electrical system which will leads to smooth running of electrical systems. In that Soft-Starter reduced voltage is applied during starting and that reduced voltage will reduce Starting torque. if 50% voltage is applied to a motor, it will produce 25% of it's available torque at that point. Starting time also feed into soft-Starter parameters , when motor get accelerated Soft-Starter get bypassed by soft-starter through bypass contactor provided inside Soft-Starter. Bypass...