Indepth Electrical engineering

Voltage Drop in Electrical Systems: Causes, Effects, and Solutions Voltage drop is one of the most common problems electrical engineers deal with. It reduces the effective utilization of generated voltage and increases power losses in transmission and distribution systems. While some voltage drop is inevitable, minimizing it is essential for efficiency, safety, and compliance with electrical standards. Understanding Voltage Drop The fundamental relation is: V = I × R V = I \times R Where: V = Voltage drop across conductor I = Current through conductor R = Resistance of conductor Now, conductor resistance is: R = ρ × L A R = \rho \times \frac{L}{A} Where: ρ (rho) = Resistivity of conductor material L = Length of conductor A = Cross-sectional area of conductor Combining these, V = I × ρ × L A V = I \times \rho \times \frac{L}{A} So, voltage drop is directly proportional to current (I) and length (L) , and inversely proportional to cross-section...

Transformer Oil: Functions, Production, Deterioration & Testing Standards Transformers are the backbone of modern electrical power systems, ensuring efficient transmission and distribution of electricity. While the transformer itself is vital, transformer oil is equally integral for the reliable operation of oil-immersed transformers. Although dry-type transformers are available, oil-filled transformers remain the most widely used across the globe due to their superior dielectric and cooling properties. Functions of Transformer Oil Transformer oil (also known as insulating oil) serves two major purposes: Dielectric Strength – It provides high electrical insulation between energized components, reducing the risk of breakdown. Cooling Medium – Heat generated in transformer windings and core is dissipated through transformer oil, ensuring safe temperature rise. Production of Transformer Oil Transformer oil is a hydrocarbon ...

For protection of Solar panels bypass diodes are used details for protection of solar panel is as described below:- Bypass diode is also known as free-wheeling diode and is connected in parallel to every solar cell or for group of solar cells. It is not advisable to use bypass diode for every solar cell as it is too costly so it is used for group of solar cells. Bypass diode is connected in parallel with opposite polarity to a solar cell. As we know that solar panel is constructed using individual   solar cells and solar cells are made from layers of silicon semiconductor materials. One layer of silicon is treated with a substance to create an excess of electrons. This becomes the negative or N-type layer. The other layer is treated to create a deficiency of electrons, and becomes the positive or P-type layer similar to transistors and diodes. During normal operation of solar panels all solar cells are forward biased and bypass diode is reverse biased as bypass diode acts as o...

Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline Solar Panels:- Both types of solar panels use Silicon crystalline panels. Only difference is the purity of silicon used during manufacturing process. More purity of silicon we use better will be the efficiency of solar panels, but more purity we achieve is at the expense of more cost. Mono-Crystalline Solar panels Typical Mono-Crystalline solar panels are typically dark black in colour. Also corners are missing in these types of solar panels. They have uniform look which indicates that they have high purity of silicon. Mono-crystalline solar cells are usually made out of silicon blocks which are cylindrical in shape. Poly-crystalline Solar Panels:- Pole crystalline solar panels are usually light or dark blue colour, some patches are lighter than others. Poly-crystalline solar panels are usually perfect rectangular and these don’t have round edges. Raw silicon is melted and poured into a square mold, which...