Indepth Electrical engineering

Full Wave Rectifier: Working, Circuit, Output & Waveforms Rectifiers are essential circuits used to convert Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC) . Compared to a Half Wave Rectifier , a Full Wave Rectifier provides higher average DC output with fewer ripples, making it more efficient for power supply applications. 1. Full Wave Rectifier (Center-Tap Type) Circuit Diagram 👉 Consists of: Two diodes (one for each half cycle) Center-tap transformer Resistive load (R) When the AC input alternates: Positive half cycle → Diode D1 conducts. Negative half cycle → Diode D2 conducts. Current through the load flows in the same direction during both halves → producing DC. 📊 Waveform: Output has two pulses per AC cycle , giving smoother DC than half wave rectifier. 2. Output Voltage of Full Wave Rectifier V d c ( a v g ) = 2 V m a x π ≈ 0.637   V m a x V_{dc(avg)} = \frac{2V_{max}}{\pi} \approx 0.637 \, V_{max} V r m s = V m a x 2 ≈ 0.707   V...

Thermal power plants are the power plants in which coal combustion is used for generating electrical energy. These are also known as steam power plants. There are so many advantages and disadvantages of Thermal power plants as below:- Advantages of Thermal Power plants 1.       Lower Fuel cost:- Main advantage of Thermal power plant in comparison to other power plants is that fuel i.e. coal is very much cheap in comparison to other fuel power plants. 2.      Availability of Fuel:- There is abundant availability of coal and also cost of extraction of coal is quite cheaper. 3.      Lower installation cost:- Thermal power plants installation cost is very much lower than other power plants. 4.      Ease of Installation irrespective of location:- Thermal power plants can be installed anywhere in world as coal used of these power plants can be transported by rail/ road/ ship. 5.  ...

Open Delta (V–V) Transformer Connection In electrical systems, we generally use single-phase transformers (with one winding on each side) and three-phase transformers (with three windings on each side). These windings can be connected in different configurations such as star–delta, delta–delta, or star–star . There is also a special type of connection known as the Open Delta Connection (also called V–V Connection ). This method uses only two transformer windings instead of three . What is an Open Delta (V–V) Connection? In an open delta configuration, only two transformers are connected in a three-phase system, while the third transformer winding is absent (or removed due to a fault). This connection is often used as a temporary solution when one transformer in a delta–delta bank fails, allowing the system to continue supplying power but at reduced capacity . Open delta transformers are also used for supplying small three-phase loads where installing a full three-transf...

Current Transformers (CTs): Types, Specifications, and Applications 🔹 Introduction Current Transformers (CTs) are essential components of electrical power systems. Their primary purpose is to step down high current values into standardized, lower values (usually 5A or 1A), making them suitable for measurement, protection, and monitoring equipment. Without CTs, it would be impossible to directly connect sensitive instruments like meters and relays to high-current circuits safely. 🔹 Types of Current Transformer Designs CTs are manufactured in different designs based on construction and installation: Window Type CT The primary conductor (busbar or cable) passes through a “window” in the CT core. Compact and widely used in switchgear and panel boards. Ring Type CT Circular design, often used around conductors. Easy to clamp around existing cables. Typically used in retrofitting and metering applications. 🔹 Applications of Current Transformers CTs ar...

There are two laws in electrical field for determining direction of three parameters Magnetic field, Current, & force. If you know any of these two remaining parameter direction will be determined by Fleming rules. There are two Fleming rules:- 1.      Fleming Left Hand rule This rule is applicable for Electric Motors 2.      Fleming Right Hand rule. This rule is applicable for Electrical generators. 1.      Fleming Left Hand rule:- According to this law Whenever any current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field then force is experienced on the conductor in a direction perpendicular to magnetic field and current. Same is shown by Fleming left hand rule. Now let’s take an example as shown below where a conductor having length “L” is placed in magnetic field having strength “H”. This magnetic field produces a current “I”. This magnitude of force which acts on conductor is as F= BIL ...

It is important to select battery size according to UPS capacity otherwise appropriate backup of UPS can’t be obtained. To calculate battery size according to UPS capacity is as below:- UPS Backup [in hours]X UPS Capacity in VA = Battery Ah             Volts* Power factor From Above formula we see that:- UPS Backup(in Hrs) means backup requirement of application UPS Capacity is in VA Volts is the voltage of battery is usually 12V Power factor is the power factor of connected load. If you don’t know power factor then take Power factor as 0.8. Let’s take an example of 500 VA UPS, Battery voltage is 12 V and Power factor as 0.8 and UPS backup required is of 2 hrs then battery size in Ah is as below:- 2X 500 = Battery Ah 12X0.8 Battery Ah= 1000/9.6 It comes approximately as 100Ah so battery requirement is 100 Ah for 500 VA capacity for backup of 2 hrs. If there are UPS of higher ratings then...

Complete Guide to Geysers: Types, Working, Parts, and Safety Features Geysers are an integral part of every modern household, providing hot water for bathing, cleaning, and cooking. They work on the simple principle of converting electrical energy into heat energy using a heating element. While immersion rods also use the same principle, geysers are far more advanced as they come with storage, control systems, and built-in safety features . In this article, we will cover: Working principle of geysers Types of geysers Internal parts of geysers Key points to consider before buying a geyser 🔹 Working Principle of a Geyser A geyser uses a heating element that converts electrical energy into heat. The element is submerged in water inside a tank (in case of storage geysers) or wrapped around a pipe (in instant geysers). As electricity flows through the element, it heats up, and this heat is transferred to the water. The thermostat and other control systems ensure the...