Indepth Electrical engineering

High Tension (HT) Cables: Types, Components, and Insulation Levels High Tension (HT) cables are the backbone of modern electrical power systems. Electricity is transmitted and distributed over long distances using HT cables or conductors , making them an indispensable part of power networks. The most commonly used HT cables are XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene) cables , which offer high insulation strength, thermal stability, and longer service life compared to traditional PVC cables. 🔹 Types of HT Cables HT cables are classified mainly into two types: Single Conductor HT Cable Contains a single conductor per cable. For a three-phase system, three separate cables are required. Three Conductor HT Cable Contains three conductors within a common jacket. Compact design, often used where space is limited. 🔹 Components of HT Cables Although HT cables may look different externally, they all share five essential parts : Conductor (Copper or Aluminum) ...

Cable Glands: Types, Applications, and Industrial Standards Cable glands are an essential component in electrical and instrumentation installations. They provide mechanical support, environmental protection, and safety for cables entering panels or enclosures. Functions of Cable Glands Cable glands are used for the following purposes: 1.       Strain relief – Prevents tension and stress at cable termination points. 2.       Earthing and grounding – In case of armored cables, they ensure effective bonding. 3.       Cable entry – Provides safe and sealed entry into electrical panels, junction boxes, and enclosures. Types of Cable Glands Different types of glands are used based on cable type and application: 1.       Indoor Glands (Brass material) – For general indoor use. 2.       Outdoor Glands (Brass material) – With wea...

Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker or ELCB As clear from the name these circuit breakers are used for protection against electrical shock in case of leakage currents. ELCB get tripped whenever there are leakage currents in circuit. There are two types of ELCB’s:-           Voltage ELCB 2.      Current ELCB Now let’s discuss the same:- 1.    Earth leakage circuit breaker Voltage Type:- As clear from the name these are voltage operated ELCB’s. These ELCB’s consists of relay coil . This relay coil is connected to the metallic body of equipment which is to be protected from earth leakage at one end and at other end it is connected to ground wire. If any fault occurs such as live wire touches the body than there will be voltage difference occur across the terminal of coil and earth. This voltage difference causes current to flow thus will operate relay and trips the ELCB. Voltage ELCB’s are available in various ranges thes...

In small DC machines the coils are directly wound in the armature slots. In large DC machines, the coils are performed and then inserted into the armature slots. Each coil consists of a number of turns of wire, each turn taped and insulated from the other turns and form the rotor slots. Each side of the turn is called the conductor. The number of the conductors on a machine's armature is given by                                       Z= 2CN where : Z= numbers of conductors on rotor C= numbers of coils on rotor N= number of turns per coil There are two types of armature windings in DC motors :- 1.   Lap winding 2.   Wave winding. In this article we will discuss about Lap winding:- Lap Winding:- In this winding continuous coils overlap each other. In this wi...

V/f Control of Induction Motors – Working, Characteristics, and Applications Introduction V/f control, also known as Volts-per-Hertz (V/Hz) control , is the simplest and most widely used method of controlling the speed of induction motors. It is especially popular where precise tuning is not required and motors need to operate up to 1000 Hz . This method is widely adopted in industrial applications because it allows multiple motors to be started on a single VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) , which is not possible with encoder-based vector control systems. Principle of V/f Control The principle of V/f control is simple: To maintain constant flux in the motor , the ratio of applied voltage to supply frequency (V/f) must remain constant. At lower frequencies, the voltage is reduced to avoid magnetic saturation, while at higher frequencies, the voltage is increased proportionally. This ensures the motor operates efficiently across a wide ra...