Indepth Electrical engineering

In recent days JIO has generated lot of buzz which offers free calling for lifetime and free internet up to December. There is also new technology associated with JIO is VoLTE. Mobile phone manufacturers are selling phones with VoLTE enabled technology. Now there is curiosity what is VoLTE? and how it is different? In this below article we will learn what is VoLTE technology all about?:- VoLTE:- There is new technology in field of data services. VoLTE is known as Voice over Long-Term Evolution. It is used for providing a uniform format of voice traffic on LTE and other systems including CSFB (Circuit Switched Fall Back) and SV-LTE(Simultaneous Voice Long term evolution). This technology is used for better voice call quality. VoLTE uses 4G technology and it is based on packet switching on the other hand 2G and 3G networks uses circuit based switch. Now when we make a call using 2G and 3G then there is bandwidth assigned to that call this will not allow to  terminate ...

Methods for Reducing Harmonics in Electrical Systems Harmonics are one of the biggest challenges in modern electrical systems, especially with the growing use of non-linear loads such as Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), rectifiers, and electronic devices . Excessive harmonics can lead to equipment overheating, reduced efficiency, nuisance tripping, and overall poor power quality . Fortunately, several methods exist to reduce harmonics and improve system reliability. Let’s explore the most effective solutions. 1. DC Choke Application: Commonly used in VFDs (a major source of harmonics). Working Principle: A DC choke is an inductor in series with the DC link of the semiconductor bridge circuit. Effect: Reduces 5th and 7th order harmonics Improves current waveform smoothness Comparable to AC-side line reactors (though THD reduction is slightly less). ✅ Key Point: DC chokes are simple, cost-effective, and wide...

Harmonics in Electrical Systems: Causes, Effects, and Impact on Equipment What Are Harmonics? Harmonics are unwanted voltages and currents in electrical systems that distort the fundamental waveform (50 Hz in India). They arise due to non-linear loads that draw current in abrupt pulses rather than smooth sinusoidal waves. In simple terms, harmonics are like pollution in electricity —they degrade power quality without necessarily affecting power availability. Classification of Harmonics Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency (50 Hz): 2nd harmonic (100 Hz) 3rd harmonic (150 Hz) 4th harmonic (200 Hz) … up to the 11th harmonic (550 Hz) and beyond. Depending on their order: Negative Sequence Currents: 2nd, 5th, 8th, 11th Zero Sequence Currents: 3rd, 6th, 9th Positive Sequence Currents: 4th, 7th, 10th Why Are Harmonics Increasing? The rise in harmonics is directly linked to the increasing use of electronic and power conversion de...

Electricity from Potatoes and Fruits: Science Behind the Experiment Generating electricity from simple household items like potatoes, lemons, or apples may sound like a classroom trick, but the concept is deeply rooted in electrochemistry . The principle is the same as that used in early batteries: when two dissimilar metals are placed in an electrolytic medium , an electron flow (electric current) is created. Basic Principle When metals such as zinc and copper are inserted into an electrolyte (like potato juice or lemon juice), a chemical reaction occurs. The electrolyte enables ions to move between the electrodes. The difference in reactivity of the two metals creates a potential difference, which drives electron flow through an external circuit. Zinc electrode → acts as the anode (oxidation occurs). Copper electrode → acts as the cathode (reduction occurs). Electrolyte (potato/fruit juice) → provides the ionic medium. This setup is essentially a Galvanic Cel...

Synchronous machines construction depends upon type of prime mover used in machines. There are following types of prime movers used in power generation:- 1.        Steam turbines 2.        Hydraulic Turbines 3.        Diesel Engines Let’s discuss them :- 1.      Steam turbine:- These types of synchronous machines have high speed.  Generators driven by steam turbine are also called Turbogenerators. Maximum speed of Turbogenerators is 3000 RPM as per formula Frequency= PN/ 120; Where P is no. of poles N is no. of revolutions In 2 Pole machine at 50 HZ frequency Speed of Turbogenerator comes out to be= 50X120/ 2= 3000 RPM With Such high speed lower value of armature diameter is to be designed. Lower diameter is selected to limit the centrifugal forces which have very much influence on the generator design. Peripheral Speed of a Machine is given by f...

In case of synchronous machines  Armature is always placed on stator and field winding on armature as there are following advantages:- 1.      Better economy:- It is always economical to place armature winding on Stator and field winding on rotor in synchronous machines as this can be illustrated by example as below:- Consider a 3-Phase Star connected 500 MVA, 11KV synchronous machine, now its line current will be = 500X10 3                                11 X Which Will be = 26244 A Now If we place armature winding on rotor than we will required 3 slip rings each will be capable of handling such a high current of 26244A. Further Slip rings needed to be insulated from shaft for a voltage= 11/  = 6.35 KV. Also Star point needed to be brought out by using fourth slip ring which will be groun...