Indepth Electrical engineering

Resistance in Series and Parallel – Concepts, Formulas & Applications Resistance is the fundamental component in electrical circuits that opposes the flow of electric current. It plays a key role in converting voltage to current and current to voltage through Ohm’s Law: V = I × R V = I \times R Where: V V = Voltage (Volts) I I = Current (Amperes) R R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω) Depending on how resistors are connected in a circuit, their equivalent resistance changes. The two most common connections are Series and Parallel . 🔹 Resistance in Series When resistors are connected end-to-end , they form a series circuit . Formula: R e q = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + ⋯ + R N R_{eq} = R_1 + R_2 + R_3 + \dots + R_N Key Characteristics: Current : Same through all resistors. Voltage : Divided across resistors (hence called a voltage divider ). Equivalent Resistance : Increases as more resistors are added. 👉 Example: If R 1 = 10 Ω R_1 = 10Ω , R 2 = 20 Ω R_2 = 20Ω ...

Lighting emitting diodes mostly known as LEDs are now becoming integrated part of every Industry, Household , Shops and everywhere as they offer plenty of advantages some of them main are such as power saving and long life. There is curiosity arises how these LED’s will work? Working principle of the same is as below:- LED is capable of emitting a fairly narrow bandwidth of visible or invisible lights and LED emits lights usually of orange, red, yellow, or green colors. The invisible light that LED emits includes the infrared light. LED consists of a P-N junction diode. When electric current is applied to that P-N junction then that junction emits light .This sensation is generally called Electro-luminance in electronics. Electro-Luminance is defined as the emission of light from a semi-conductor under the influence of an electric field. At PN junction there are electrons at N- Region and Holes in P- region. These combine at PN Junction. Free electrons a...

There is quite confusing question most of the time asked in interview is that if there are three bulbs having ratings as 60W, 30W and 20W and these bulbs are connected in parallel then which of these bulb will be brightest?? Answer to that question is that in Parallel   1               =  1  + 1  +   1 R(eq)             R1   R2    R3 Multiply both sides by Rated voltage square i.e. (V Rated ) 2 We get (V Rated ) 2    = (V Rated ) 2 + (V Rated ) 2   + (V Rated ) 2 R(eq)              R1                R2               R3 This means P(eq)= (P1)+...

LED vs CFL vs Incandescent Lights: Which is Better for You? When it comes to choosing lighting solutions for homes or offices, the three most common options are: Incandescent bulbs (traditional yellow bulbs), Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) , and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) . Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, but LEDs have emerged as the most energy-efficient and sustainable choice. Let’s break down the comparison. 1. Lifespan Comparison Incandescent Bulbs: ~1,200 hours CFLs: ~8,000 hours LEDs: ~50,000 hours 👉 Clearly, LEDs last up to 40 times longer than incandescent bulbs and more than 6 times longer than CFLs , which means fewer replacements and reduced waste. 2. Energy Efficiency (Power Consumption vs Lumens Output) LEDs produce the same amount of light (lumens) with much lower wattage. Lumens (Brightness) LED (Watts) Incandescent (Watts) CFL (Watts) 450 (≈ ...

Generator connected to Isolated load:- When the prime mover I/p is increased while the excitation remains constant; it results in an increase in frequency. The increase in frequency increases the terminal voltage for the same excitation. The increase in  terminal voltage causes the static load to increase their respective demands as their power consumption is proportional to square of the voltage. The rotating load have their respective speed increases because of the increase in frequency that increases their synchronous speed. The increase in voltage results to increase in their developed torque and consequently the power demand may increase particularly when they are driving constant torque load. The twin factors results in as increased power demand by the rotating power load as well. The final conclusion is that an increase in prime mover I/P alone results in increase in frequency as well as increase in Unit loading. If the excitation increases w...