Indepth Electrical engineering

 Different protection techniques are used to address the hazardous zones :- ZONES Ex d Flameproof (Explosion proof) Enclosure 1, 2 Ex e Increased Safety 1, 2 Ex ia Intrinsically Safe 0, 1, 2 Ex ib Intrinsically Safe 1, 2 Ex o Oil Immersion 2 Ex p Pressurized Apparatus (Purged Apparatus) 1, 2 Ex q Powder Filling (Sand Filling) 2 Ex m Encapsulation 1, 2 Ex n or Ex N Non incentive or/and normally no sparking circuits 2

 EXPLOSION PROOF GLANDS :- Double compression explosion proof Glands are used in electrical equipment's for gland work of armored cable in compressor area,  glands usually have following construction features:- 1.Double Compression (Explosion proof Cable Glands-I,IIA,IIB)   2.Material Brass (IS 319) -Standard. (AL/Mild Steel/SS. also available ) 3. Threads ET"/BSC-Standards (In PG/Metric/NPT/BSP also available) 4.Sealing Ring Neoprene    Protection Class IP 66 as per IS 13947   Pic Shows the Explosion proof Gland Application Generally used in flammable Gas/ Vapour area (Gas I,IIA,IIB)   EXPLOSION PROOF GLANDS PARTS:- 11.  CHECK NUT 6 ARMOUR CLAMPING RING 2 2. WASHER 7 MAIN GLAND BODY   3. NIPPLE ENTRY PART 8 NEOPRENE OUTER RUBBER 4 4. NEOPRENE INNER RUBBER 9 SKID WASHER 5 5. ARMOUR CLAMPING CONE 10 GLAND COVER Main Difference between E...

ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN FOR IMPROVING POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA à Environment clearances should be faster for producing more coal. à CERC should take corrective steps to raise electricity tariff whenever there is requirement without any discussion with State electricity boards and also RBI should intervene and say Banks not to lend State electricity boards. à Coal India should improve connectivity so that coal will reach at required location as earlier as possible as coal is lying at locations without facility of transportation. à More efforts required to get Natural gas from Turkmenistan as earlier as possible. à India should more concentrate on Renewable energy sources as they have huge prospect in India. India has limited Energy sources such as Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas. But More efforts are required to for Renewable energy sources so that India get free from limited energy sources. As India has laid foundation for the same as India plans to source 3% of it total electricit...

CAUSES OF LOWER  UTILIZATION  OF POWER PLANTS:- à India has about 42,000 MW Installed capacities but can’t get commissioned due to lack of availability of fuel.  Nearly 15,000 MW of gas-based power plants are under shutdown due to Shortage of Gas. There are more than 50 gas-fired power plants in India, but most of them are facing shortage of fuel. This is due to fall in Gas from RIL KG Basin. It’s not economical to run these power plants at Imported R-LNG which is very costly. à Coal scam hits India in March 2012, which shows that it had impacted India big way and leads to loss to India as much as 1.9 Lakh Crore. During Scam it has been find out that out of the 195 coal blocks allocated between 1993 and 2008, production had begun in only 30 blocks. Out of 195 blocks, 160, were allotted by the UPA government between 2004 and 2008, so far production has begun only in two. Most of allocation was done to  Power and Steel companies but they failed completely T...

POWER SCENARIO OF INDIA Indian economy is going in strong way. The way Indian Economy is growing India is way lagging behind power demand requirement rising every year. In India there are still people living in Villages without power also where power is available but there are so much power cuts. If we accept that Indian GDP will grow at 9% then 20,000 MW Power required every year for the same. Although total Installed Capacity of Power plants as on 31 st  Jan 2014 was about 2,34,601.94 MW as per CERC. Coal Power Plants contributes about 59% of the above installed Capacity. Gas Power Plants contributes about 9% of the above Installed capacity. Hydro Power Plants contributes about 17.5% of above Installed capacity. Nuclear Power Plants contributes about 2%. RES (MNRE) i.e. Renewable Energy Sources contributes 12%. Oil Power plants contributes about 0.5%.

Flameproof Material Standards All Flameproof Electrical Equipment's are Designed and Constructed in Accordance with following Standards:- à IS 2148-1981 à IEC 60079-1 à IS 13346-1992 SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT :- A No. of Logical steps are involved in selection of Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Area:- Step 1:- Identify its Gas Group & Temperature Class Step 2:- Identify the Zone Area Zone 0, 1 or 2 Step 3:- Select the type of Protection Appropriate to the Zone Step 4:- For the given type of protection select the equipment keeping in Mind the Gas Group and Temperature rating. Step 5:- Depending upon whether the Equipment to be installed indoor or Outdoor ensure the correct IP for the equipment GUIDE TO CERTIFICATION CODE :-  Apparatus Marking normally include a certification code which include the following:- Symbol for the type of protection. The apparatus group. The Temperature classification Example:- ...

IEC 60269: Low-Voltage Fuses – Overview & Applications IEC 60269 standardizes low-voltage fuses (≤1000 V AC, ≤1500 V DC) for global use. It is divided into six parts: Part Title Application IEC 60269-1 General requirements Defines construction, ratings, testing methods, and terminology IEC 60269-2 Fuses mainly for industrial applications Includes standardized systems A–I (industrial, commercial use) IEC 60269-3 Fuses mainly for household/residential applications Includes standardized systems A–F IEC 60269-4 Supplementary requirements for semiconductor protection Special fuses for diodes, thyristors, IGBTs IEC 60269-5 Guidance for application of fuses Selection, coordination, and application notes IEC 60269-6 Supplementary requirements for PV fuses S...