Indepth Electrical engineering

Induction Motor Basics: Working Principle, Types, and Self-Starting Concept 🔹 Introduction One of the most widely used electric motors in industry and domestic applications is the induction motor (often called an asynchronous motor ). It is termed “asynchronous” because it always operates at a speed slightly less than synchronous speed . To understand this better, let’s first define synchronous speed . 🔹 What is Synchronous Speed? Synchronous speed ( Ns ) is the speed at which the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator revolves. It depends on the frequency ( f ) of the AC supply and the number of poles ( P ) in the motor: N s = 120 f P N_s = \frac{120f}{P} f = supply frequency (Hz) P = number of poles For example, a 4-pole motor supplied at 50 Hz has: N s = 120 × 50 4 = 1500   RPM N_s = \frac{120 \times 50}{4} = 1500 \, \text{RPM} Since the rotor always lags behind the stator flux, its actual speed ( Nr ) is slightly less than synchronous speed. 🔹 Wh...

Major Causes of Transformer Faults and Protection Mechanisms Transformers are critical assets in power systems, but they are also vulnerable to faults due to electrical, mechanical, and thermal stresses. A fault in a transformer not only affects reliability but may also lead to system instability and fire hazards. Below are the major causes of transformer faults and the protective schemes used to mitigate them. Major Causes of Faults in Transformers Insulation Failure The most common cause of transformer faults is insulation breakdown in windings. Ageing, overheating, moisture ingress, and over-stressing weaken insulation, leading to turn-to-turn short circuits or winding-to-core faults. Tap Changer Failures On-load and off-load tap changers are prone to mechanical wear, carbonization, and contact failures, which may lead to arcing and insulation damage. Oil Leakage Large transformers are typically oil-immersed. Leakage not only reduces insulation strength...

ON Load Tap Changer There is always requirement of variation of voltage at secondary side even when load is connected then on load tap changer is used for the same. In case of on load tap changer tapping’s on the winding are brought out through a terminal board to separate oil filled compartment in which the on-load tap changer switch is housed. This tap changer is in the form of switch with motorized control. Handle is also provided in case of emergency. The essential feature of an on-load tap changing gear is the maintenance of circuit continuity throughout the tap changing operation. The circuit must not be broken otherwise there will be discontinuity of supply to load. Selector switch must not break current an additional separate oil filled compartment is used to house the diverter switch which breaks the load current by an interrupted arc. During that process carbon will be formed therefore oil in the diverter switch compartment must be prevented from mixing wi...

Air conditioner as name suggests is an electrically operated equipment which perform following functions:- 1. Temperature 2. Humidity 3. Quality of Air Air conditioners are becoming an integrated part of every household and Shops. An air conditioner makes your home cooler. It performs the function of cooling by drawing heat out of house/Shop and transferred the same hear to outdoor unit of AC and replaces the the air in house or shop by colder air. Inside a split Air conditioner there are following parts:- 1. Compressor 2. Condenser 3. Evaporator 4. Refrigerant  Compressor function is to circulate refrigerant through outdoor unit and converts the same from gas to liquid. The liquid is then forced through the indoor evaporator coil or cooling compartment.  The indoor unit’s fan circulates the inside air to pass across the evaporator fins. The evaporator’s metal fins exchange the thermal energy with the air around it. ...

Earthing is very important part in every electrical system below are earthing pits design which are self explanatory:- Earthing with copper plate:- GI earthing system:- Pipe earthing:- Above Pics describe how to design earthing pits in electrical systems as per Indian Standard IS 3043:1987

Cooling of Transformer:- Due transformer operation i.e. conversion of energy at one voltage level to another voltage level there are losses occur in the winding and core of the transformer. These losses appear as heat which must be dissipated to the surroundings.  There are following coolants used for transformer cooling:- 1.     Air 2.     Oil Transformers which are using air as a coolant are known as Dry type transformers. On the other hand transformers which uses Oil as a coolant are called as oil immersed transformers. In Dry Type transformers heat generated is dissipated to surroundings through convection. In case of oil immersed transformers the heat generated inside the core and the windings is conducted across them to their surfaces. This heat is transferred by the oil to the walls of tank through convection. Finally the heat is transferred to surroundings by radiation and convection. Methods of cooling in Transformer...

There are various designs are available in the market for working of Jet turbine but they all works on the same principle.   The most typical type nowadays may be the centrifugal flow turbine , instead of the more time axial flow turbine . A centrifugal turbine mostly differs within the stage of compression - air entering the turbine is tossed outwards because it passes within the spinning impeller. The environment hits against within the can and thus is compressed greatly, before passing in to the combustion chamber. This intense compression boosts the temperature from the air, along with the pressure. The fuel, that is usually oil , is introduced in to the combustion chamber like a very fine spray, and thus mixes easily using the now very compressed air. This fuel/air mixture will be captivated with a small glow plug, much identical to the one available on a couple or 4 cycle model plane engine. Because the fuel/air mixture ignites and explodes in...