Indepth Electrical engineering

How to Develop an Acceptable Lighting Plan 1. Identify where as well as when lighting is needed. Confine and minimize lighting to the extent necessary to meet safety purposes. Plans should define the areas for which illumination is planned. Itemizing each area (e.g. parking lot, doorways, walkways, signage, foliage) with the anticipated hours of use. Commercial outdoor lighting should be used for safe pedestrian passage and property identification, and lit during active business hours and shut off afterward. 2. Direct light downward by choosing the correct type of light fixtures. Specify IES (Illuminating Engineering Society) "Full Cut Off" designated or “fully shielded” fixtures, so that no light is emitted above the lowest light emitting part of the fixture. Top mounted sign lighting is recommended with "RLM" (dish) type shields, and aimed so that the light falls entirely on the sign and is positioned so that the light source (bulb) is not...

Quick corrected formulas  BS 7430 (metal rod/pipe, SI units) IS (as you quoted — formula expressed using cm) Important: in this IS form L L and d d must be in centimetres (cm). The factor 100 converts units — this is why unit consistency is vital. Max allowable current density (per IS 3043 style expression you used) Lateral surface area (pipe) (m²)                               A = 2 π r L (use meters) Parallel rods total resistance (approx, identical rods, well spaced): Examples Example A — BS 7430 rod calculation (you gave: 4 m, 12.2 mm, ρ = 500 Ω·m) If you (incorrectly) use d = 0.0125 m, R ≈ 136.23 Ω . So R ≈ 136.7 Ω (not 156.19 Ω as in your example) — the difference comes from either a unit slip or arithmetic error in the original worked example. Example B — Number of CI earthing pipes and resistance Pipe dia = 100 mm → d = 0.10 m (i....

Calculate Min. Cross Section area of Earthing Conductor Cross Section Area of Earthing Conductor As per IS 3043 (A) =(If x√t) / K Where: t = Fault current Time (Second).  K = Material Constant.  Example: Calculate Cross Section Area of GI Earthing Conductor for System has 50KA Fault Current for 1 second. Corrosion will be 1.0 % Per Year and No of Year for Replacement is 20 Years.  Cross Section Area of Earthing Conductor (A) =(If x√t) / K Here: If = 50000 Amp T = 1 Second  K = 80 (Material Constant, For GI=80, copper K=205, Aluminium K=126). Cross Section Area of Earthing Conductor (A) = (50000×1)/80 Cross Section Area of GI Earthing Conductor (A) = 625 Sq.mm Allowance for Corrosion = 1.0 % Per Year & Number of Year before replacement say = 20 Years  Total allowance = 20 x 1.0% = 20% Safety factor = 1.5 Required Earthing Conductor size = Cross sectional area x Total allowance x Safety factor Required Earthing Conductor size = 1125 ...

We often observe day to electrical faults in our appliances such as  1.Tube rod get faulty  2. Lights not working  these are all happens due to Aging of equipment's Below are the faults which are not in control:- 1. High voltage from source 2. Low voltage from source these types of abnormalities usually effect electronic equipment's such as TV, fridge, Microwave etc.  So to avoid faults in these equipment's usually Stabilizers are installed for them. So that any abnormality in source voltage could not effect our load end.  But severe fault occurred when neutral get breaker from transformer in that case in that case Neutral becomes a floating neutral and phase starts coming in Neutral. Which causes burning of every equipment and even may cause fire if lights not switched off in line.  Now Question arises How voltage starts coming in Neutral? Answer for the same is that During neutral break if Transformer load is balanced then ...

Choke is very important of Tube light. Usually tube light doesn't work without choke. Working:  Normal operating voltage of tube light is about 110 but naturally available voltage is 240 V in India hence the choke comes into picture which gives 110 V output. But for initiating the light (to ionize the gas in the tube) the system, system requires 800 - 1000 V to provide this starter has been used, which block the current flowing from the choke to light hence the voltage will build up across the load. once the maximum voltage reached which starter can withstand, the starter closes the circuit and the build up voltage applied across tube light. Principle:- Choke is actually an Inductor As we know inductor opposes the rate of change of current here we are making current I which is intially drawn to zero with the help of bimetallic contacts present in starter According to formulae E=L*di/dt here L is constant and di is equal to I-0 and dt is time taken for I to bec...

This is the color of the light as perceived by the human eye. It is measured in degrees Kelvin (°K) • The general terms used for artificial light colors are: Warm White -- 3000 K Cool White   -- 4100 K Daylight       -- 6500 K – This is what our bulbs & tubes are Detailed application of Different color temperature:- 5000- 8000 K -- Daylight White for Petrol Pumps & Winter good shops 4000-5000 K  -- Cool White for Offices, Hospital, industries 3500-4000 K  -- Super Stores, Showrooms 2700-3000 K -- Warm White For Residential Lights, Restaurants 2000-2500 K -- Extra Warm for Display, Street lights

🔌 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering – Key Industrial Practices 1. Checking Electricity Supply Always use a digital multimeter to verify supply voltage in an industry. A line tester (test pen) may fail over time, and it starts glowing even at 5 V leakage , which may mislead. A multimeter ensures accurate and safe readings. 2. Insulation & Winding Resistance Testing For motor winding resistance and insulation testing , use a Megger (insulation resistance tester). A standard multimeter may not provide correct insulation values due to low test voltage . Megger applies 500V–1000V DC to check insulation strength accurately. 3. Importance of Earthing Grid In industries, multiple earth pits should be interconnected in a grid . Since resistance in parallel decreases, the overall grid resistance is lower. During an earth fault , fault current safely flows to ground through the grid. 4. Separate Grids for Electrical & Electronics Cr...