Indepth Electrical engineering

How Does a Capacitor Store Energy? Working, Formula & Applications A capacitor , also known as a condenser , is one of the most widely used passive components in electrical and electronic circuits. It is primarily used to store electrical energy in the form of an electrostatic field . Capacitors are available in a wide range of sizes—from picofarads (pF) in electronic circuits to kilovolt-ampere reactive (kVAR) ratings in industrial applications. They have vast applications, including: Starting of single-phase induction motors Improving power factor in industries (reducing electricity bills and generator burden) Oscillation and tuning circuits Smoothing rectified AC outputs Radio receivers Time-delay circuits Electrical filters Unit of Capacitance The unit of capacitance is the Farad (F) , symbolized by “F” . Definition: A capacitor has a capacitance of one Farad if a potential difference of 1 Volt produces a charge of 1 Coulomb on its plates. C ...

🌞 Net Metering in Solar Power Systems 🔹 What is Net Metering? Net metering is a billing arrangement provided by DISCOMs (Power Distribution Companies) that allows consumers (households, businesses, and industries) to generate electricity using solar PV systems and export surplus power to the grid . A bi-directional net meter is installed, which records: Import → Electricity consumed from the grid. Export → Surplus electricity sent back to the grid. The consumer is billed only for the net consumption (Import – Export). If exports exceed imports, the consumer may receive credits or payments from the DISCOM. 🔹 Solar PV Power Generation Basics Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) modules convert sunlight into DC electricity . A Power Conditioning Unit (Inverter) converts DC to AC for household/industrial use. The system can be connected to: On-Grid (Preferred) – Connected directly to the grid, no batteries required....

Maximum Power Point Tracking is most powerfull concept in the field of Solar power . Let’s study about what is Maximum Solar power point tracking and it’s applications in Solar power systems. A MPPT is an electronic DC to DC converter that optimizes the midst of the solar array (PV panels), and the battery bank to get the optimum use of Solar power.  Why There is Need of MPPT Solar cells are clean source of Energy. Most Solar PV panels are built to give nominal output voltage of 12 volts. But Solar cells designed for 12V can give output from 16V to 18V.  Mostly batteries are charged from about 13.2 to 14.4 volts. Now Solar panels can give output voltage ranging from 16V to 18V but batteries can be charged upto 13.2-14.4V. Now lets assume that we have a solar panel having Capacity of 150 watt. The Solar power panel is rated at 8.52 amps at 17.6 volts. (8.52 amps X 17.6 volts = 150 watts).  i.e. Solar panel will give output voltage of 17.6 Volts at 8.5...

We have seen that in the resistances in the case of a series connection their ohmic value increases, while in the case of a parallel connection decreases. To know about series and Parallel connection in case of resistor please visit:- http://electrialstandards.blogspot.in/2014/12/resistance-in-series-and-parallel.html In capacitors is the exact opposite:- Series connections of capacitors:- A series of two capacitors will reduce their net capacitance which is similar to if distance between capacitor plates is increased, but working voltage will increase. In series connections charge stored by each capacitor is same. If we apply a voltage source to series connected capacitors than current flow will have only one path which will leads to same voltage across each capacitor. Parallel Connections of Capacitors In the case of a parallel connection the capacitors will have a higher capacity which is similar to as if they increased the size of the two plates, remain unchanged by th...

Power Factor Improvement with Capacitor Bank Sizing Why Power Factor Improvement is Needed? Most industries operate with inductive loads (motors, pumps, lighting ballasts, welding machines, etc.), which lower the power factor. Typical industry power factor: 0.80 – 0.85 . Low PF leads to: Higher current flow in the system. Energy losses (15–20%). Utility penalties for reactive power consumption. Maintaining PF near unity (1.0) reduces losses and avoids penalties. Formula for Capacitor Bank Sizing To calculate the required capacitor (kVAR) for PF correction: Q (kVAR) = P (kW) × [ tan ⁡ ( cos ⁡ − 1   PF initial ) − tan ⁡ ( cos ⁡ − 1   PF desired ) ] \text{Q (kVAR)} = \text{P (kW)} \times \left[\tan(\cos^{-1} \, \text{PF}_{\text{initial}}) - \tan(\cos^{-1} \, \text{PF}_{\text{desired}})\right] Where: P (kW) = Active load PF_initial = Present running power factor PF_desired = Target power factor (close to 1) Example Calculation L...

Usually understanding electricity is made very simpler by power distribution companies. Whenever new electricity bill received then everyone reads through it to come to know what is the unit consumption this month and whether this consumption is increasing or decreasing everyone uses some trend analysis. There are some certain terms which should everyone know before understanding electricity bill. Before going in details please look at the bill mentioned above. Sanctioned Load When you look at the bill at the top most there is Name and address is printed on the bill. Then there is Sanctioned load which indicates what is the load sanctioned for Industrial or domestic customers. This is usually sanctioned depending upon load connected at the system . Maximum Demand Indicator Then there is MDI means Maximum demand indicator which indicates the Maximum demand for the current month billing period this Maximum demand should not exceed Sanctioned load. For Industrial ...

Electric Shock: Causes, Effects, and First Aid Steps You Must Know Learn what happens during an electric shock, its severe effects on the human body, and essential first-aid steps like CPR and injury management to save lives. Introduction Almost everyone has experienced a mild electric shock at some point in life. An electric shock occurs when electric current flows through the human body. Since the body is composed of about 60–70% water , and water is a good conductor of electricity, our body also acts as a conductor. While small shocks may only cause discomfort, severe electric shocks can be life-threatening , leading to burns, heart problems, organ damage, or even death. This article explains the effects of electric shock and the immediate steps to take as first aid to save lives.                                                   Effects of Electric S...