Transformer technical Specifications; 990 KVA Transformer Technical Specifications

Transformers are backbone of electrical systems. Transformers are used for both stepping up and stepping down the voltage. While procurement of  Distribution Transformers there are following technical aspects which should be considered :-

For Tan-delta, Loss angle test visit link:-

http://electrialstandards.blogspot.com/2015/10/tan-delta-test-loss-angle-test.html

Below are the technical specifications of Oil type 990 KVA transformer :-

1.       Transformer voltage ratio should be 11 KV/ 433 V

2.       Vector group should be Dyn11

3.       Transformer Impedance at 75 degree Celsius should be 5%

4.       Transformer maximum no load losses should 1.4 KW

5.       Transformer Maximum full load losses should be 10.8 KW

6.       Transformer Oil Temperature rise without enclosure  should be 35 Deg C max over ambient 40 Deg C

7.       Transformer Winding Temperature rise without enclosure should be 40 Deg C max over ambient 40 Deg C

8.         Current density of LT and HT winding should be 3 A/mmsq

9.       Tapping on HT winding should be off load with +/- 5% in 2.5% step

10.    Design clearances for Phase to phase for 11 KV system should be 180 mm and Phase to earth for 11KV system should be 120 mm

11.   Design clearances for Phase to phase for 433 KV system should be 25 mm and Phase to earth for 433KV system should be 25 mm

12.    Transformer Type should be  Double Copper wound, three phase, oil immersed, with ONAN cooling

13.   Voltage variation on Supply side should be +/- 10%

14.   Frequency variation on Supply Side should be +/- 5%

15.   Insulation level for one minute power frequency withstand voltage should be 3KV for 433V system & 28KV for 11KV system

16.   Insulation level for Lightning impulse withstand voltage should be 75KV peak for 11KV system

17.   Short circuit withstand level should be 3 Sec with 5% impedance

18.   Noise level for Transformer should not exceed limits as per NEMA TR-1 with all accessories running measured as per IEC 551 / NEMA standard running measured as per IEC 551 / NEMA standard

For Transformer Oil Filteration process visit link:-
http://electrialstandards.blogspot.in/2015/10/transformer-oil-filtration-process.html

19.   Transformer tank design should be as below:-

	Tank	Type Tested Design
	Design	a) Completely sealed type with corrugated fins and with/without conservator tank as per site requirements  b) Completely oil filled or N2 cushion at top filled with positive pressure. N2 shall be technical grade in accordance with IS:1747  c) With bolted / welded cover
	Plate / Corrugated fin / tank features	a) Adequate for meeting mechanical & electrical withstand requirements, as per applicable standard. b) The tank and its sealing (gaskets, o-rings, etc.) shall be of adequate strength to withstand positive and negative pressures built-up inside the tank while the transformer is in operation. The maximum pressure generated inside the tank should not exceed 40kPa, positive or negative. c) Corrugated fins shall be built up of CRCA sheets of minimum 1.2mm thick. d) The corrugated tank wall shall ensure sufficient cooling of the transformer and compensate for the changes in the oil volume during operation.  e) The transformer shall be capable of giving continuous rated output, without exceeding the specified temperature rise. f) Internal clearance of tank shall be such that, it shall facilitate easy lifting of core with coils from the tank and HV & LV bushings mounted on Top cover.  g) All joints of tank and fittings shall be oil tight. The tank design shall be such that the core and windings can be lifted freely with cover. The tank plate shall be of such strength that the complete transformers when filled with oil may be lifted bodily by means of lifting lugs. h) Tanks with corrugations & without conservator shall be tested for leakage at a pressure as per the applicable standard.
	Material of Construction	Mild steel plate with low carbon
	Plate Thickness	To meet the requirements of pressure and vacuum type tests as per CBIP manual
	Welding features	a) All seams and joints shall be double welded b) All welding shall be stress relieved for sheet thickness greater than 35 mm c) All pipes, stiffeners, welded to the tank shall be welded externally  d) All corrugated fins or expansion bellows provided shall be double welded.
	Tank features	a) Bottom with stiffeners & adequate space for collection of sediments b) No external pocket in which water can lodge c) Tank bottom with welded skid base d) Strength to prevent permanent deformation during lifting, jacking, transportation with oil filled. e) Minimum disconnection of pipe work and accessories for cover lifting  f) Tank to be designed for oil filling under vacuum g) Tank cover fitted with lifting lug

20.   Transformer oil should be Class 1 new mineral insulating oil, shall be certified not to contain PCBs. Naphthalene base with antioxidant inhibitor.

21.   Transformer winding should have following:-

	Winding
	Material	Electrolytic Copper
	Maximum Current Density allowed	Maximum 3 amp / sqmm
	Winding Insulating material	Class A, non catalytic, inert to transformer oil, free from compounds liable to ooze out, shrink or collapse.
	Winding Insulation	Uniform
	Design features	a) Stacks of winding to receive adequate shrinkage treatment. b) Connections braced to withstand shock during transport, switching, short circuit, or other transients.  c) Minimum out of balance force in the winding at all voltage ratios. d) Conductor width on edge exceeding six times its thickness. e) Transposed at sufficient intervals.  f) Coil assembly shall be suitably supported between adjacent sections by insulating spacers + barriers. g) Winding leads rigidly supported, using guide tubes if practicable.  h) Winding structure & insulation not to obstruct free flow of oil through ducts. i) Delta connection shall be done using Flexible cable.

22.   Transformer Bushings and Terminations should have following technical specifications:-

	Bushings and Terminations
	Type of HV side bushing	Epoxy cast bushing, 630 Amp, interface type ‘C’ as per EN50180 and EN50181.
	Type of LV side bushing	Indoor, Epoxy resin cast, 1kv voltage class and creepage 31mm/KV
	Essential provision for LV side line bushing	It shall be complete with copper palm suitable for tinned copper busbar of size 100x12 mm
	Essential provision for LV side neutral bushing	In case of neutral bushing the stem and bus bar palm shall be integral without bolted, threaded, brazed joints. Bus bar size shall be 100x12 mm
	Arcing Horn	As per site requirements
	Termination on HV side bushing	Cable connection by screened separable connector kit.
	Termination of LV side bushing	Bus bar connections
	Minimum creepage distance of all bushings and support insulators.	31mm/kv
	Protected creepage distance	At least 50 % of total creepage distance
	Continuous Current rating	Minimum 20 % higher than the current corresponding to the minimum tap of the transformer
	Rated thermal short time current	26.3kA for 3 sec
	Bushing terminal lugs in oil and air	Tinned copper

23.   Current Transformers used for Transformers should have following Technical specifications:-

Current Transformers	All three phases and neutral on LV side
Maintenance requirements	Replacement should be possible by removing fixing nut of mounting plate without disturbing LT bushing
Accuracy Class	5P10
Burden	5VA
Type	Resin Cast Ring type suitable for outdoor use
CT ratio	990KVA -1500/5 Amp

24.    Transformer Name plate should consists of following Parameters:-

For Parallel Operation of Transformers Visit link:-
http://electrialstandards.blogspot.com/2015/10/parallel-operation-of-transformers.html

Following details shall be provided on rating and diagram plate as a minimum.

a)      Type/kind of transformer with winding material.

b)      IS/ IEC [R3] standard to which it is manufactured.

c)       Manufacturer's name.

d)       Transformer serial number.

e)       Month and year of manufacture.

f)        Rated frequency in HZ.

g)       Rated voltages in KV.

h)      Number of phases.

i)        Rated power in KVA.

j)        Type of cooling (ONAN).

k)      Rated currents in Amp.

l)        Vector group connection symbol.

m)    1.2/50µs wave impulse voltage withstands level in KV.

n)      Power frequency withstands voltage in KV.

o)      Impedance voltage at rated current and frequency in percentage at principal, minimum and maximum tap

p)      Load loss at rated current.

q)      No-load loss at rated voltage and frequency

r)        Continuous ambient temperature at which ratings apply in deg c

s)       Top oil and winding temperature rise at rated load in deg c;

t)        Winding connection diagram with taps and table of tapping voltage, current and power

u)      Transport weight of transformer

v)      Weight of core and windings

w)    Total weight

x)      Volume of oil

y)       Weight of oil

z)      Name of the purchaser

25.    Transformer to be designed for suppression of 3rd, 5th, 7th harmonic voltages and high frequency disturbances

26.    Transformer core should have following technical specifications:-

Core
Grade	High grade , non- ageing, low loss, high permeability, grain oriented, cold rolled silicon steel lamination
Core Design Features	a) Magnetic circuit designed to avoid short circuit paths within core or to the earthed clamping structures. b) Magnetic circuit shall not produce flux components at right angles to the plane of lamination to avoid local heating.  c) Least possible air gap and rigid clamping for minimum core loss and noise generation. d) Adequately braced to withstand bolted faults on secondary terminals without mechanical damage and damage/ displacement during transportation and positioning.  e) Percentage harmonic potential with the maximum flux density under any condition limited to avoid capacitor overloading in the system.  f) All steel sections used for supporting the core shall be thoroughly sand blasted after cutting, drilling, welding. g) Provision of lifting lugs for core coil assembly. h) Supporting framework designed not to obstruct complete drainage of oil from transformer

For Parallel operation of Transformers visit link:-
http://electrialstandards.blogspot.com/2015/10/parallel-operation-of-transformers.html

For Tan-delta, Loss angle test visit link:-

http://electrialstandards.blogspot.com/2015/10/tan-delta-test-loss-angle-test.html

Tan delta test; loss angle test; dissipation factor test

Tan Delta Test

Tan delta test is also known as loss angle test and dissipation factor test.

This method works on principle that any insulating material acts as a capacitor in its pure state when connected across power supply. In a pure capacitor current leads the applied voltage by 90 degree. But there is hardly any pure insulator as over the period of life there is always a resistive component in insulators. Also due to ageing dirt and moisture enters into these insulators or insulating materials leads to resistive component. Thus by knowing ratio, of resistive component of current to capacitive component of current ,life of insulator or insulating material can be determined.

For Transformer Specifications visit :-
http://electrialstandards.blogspot.com/2015/10/transformer-technical-specifications.html

Tan delta test is conducted on Insulation of cables, windings, Bushings of Transformers. This test is uses to check the life of cable and deterioration of insulation . By conducting this test it will gives idea about ageing process of cable, winding, bushing which will useful for prediction of life of cable, winding and bushings.

Tan Delta Testing Methodology

There are following steps in Tan delta testing:-

1.     In first step, Insulating material or insulator (Cable, winding, CT, PT, Transformer bushing) undergoing Tan delta test is first isolated from the circuit.

2.     In second step, a very low frequency voltage is applied across equipment whose insulation is under test. This voltage is equal to normal voltage is applied.

3.     If in second step value of Tan delta is good enough then applied voltage level is raised to 1.5-2.0 times of rated voltage.

4.     Tan delta controller used of measurement of Tan delta values take the readings of tan delta.

5.     A loss angle analyzer is connected across tan delta controller to compare values of tan delta at different voltage levels.

This should be kept in mind that test voltage applied to be at very low frequency.

There is following reason to keep frequency to very low:-

When voltage is applied at high frequency then capacitive reactance of insulator becomes very low, which will leads to high capacitive component of current. Resistive component doesn’t depend on frequency instead depends on applied voltage and conductivity of insulator. Thus at high frequencies capacitive current is large and leads to high amplitude of vector sum of capacitive and resistive components of currents. This will leads to high apparent power for conducting Tan delta test which is practically impossible. That is why tan delta test is done at low frequencies.

Usually frequency range for conducting this test is from 0.1 to 0.01 HZ.

Tan delta(tanδ)= Ir/ Ic= (V/R)/ (Vx 2πfC)

                                    =1/(2πfCR)

Thus we see that tanδ  ∝ 1 / f

Thus we see that lower will be frequency higher will be the tanδ value, so measurement values will become easier.

Test results

From tan delta test we will be able to ascertain the condition of insulation due to ageing by following:-

1.     If we have previous tanδ results then new tests values will be compared with previous results to ascertain condition of insulation.

2.     If tanδ  values will come same for all test voltages then insulation will be perfect. If there is weakness in insulation then tanδ values will increase with voltage level.

.

Parallel Operation of Transformers; Conditions for Parallel operation of Transformers

Transformers are backbone of electrical systems in any industry. There is always advisable to use Transformers in parallel. There are following reasons why transformers are advisable to use Transformers in Parallel:-
For Tan-delta, Loss angle test visit link:-


http://electrialstandards.blogspot.com/2015/10/tan-delta-test-loss-angle-test.html

1.       To improve electrical System availability:-

If numbers of Transformers are connected in parallel then power supply from other transformers can be restored even if one no. transformer get faulty. Also it becomes easy to do maintenance transformers by taking out one by one without interruption of power supply, So overall availability of electrical system increases.

2.       To improve efficiency of Electrical system:-

Transformer efficiency is always maximum at full load. When numbers of transformers are connected in parallel then load can be switched to only Transformers which will cater the total load by running them nearer to full load.  When load increases further other parallel connected transformers can be connected in line. By this electrical system efficiency can be improved.

3.       To provide flexibility in electrical system:-

If in future load demand increases or decrease it becomes easy to add and remove Transformers instead of changing whole electrical system transformer. This way it provides more flexibility to electrical systems if transformers are connected in parallel.

For Transformer Specifications of Oil Type 990 KVA visit link:-
http://electrialstandards.blogspot.com/2015/10/transformer-technical-specifications.html

4.       To improve system economy:-

If load increases in system then it becomes economical to add a Transformer as per requirements in parallel with previous transformer instead of replacing whole transformer, As bigger Transformer will add to additional cost and also non-utilization of previous transformer.

As you have seen that there is advisable to use Transformers in parallel. There are certains parameters which must be kept in mind for parallel operation of Transformers.

Conditions for parallel operation of Transformers are:-

1.       Transformers should have same Voltage ratio

2.       Transformers should have same  impedance and X/R ratio.

3.       Transformers which are to be connected in Parallel should have same polarity.

4.       Transformers undergoing parallel operation should have same phase sequence.

1. Transformers should have same voltage ratio:-

Transformers undergoing parallel operation should have same voltage ratios. Now let’s take an example where transformers under parallel operation have same primary voltages but have different secondary currents, when they are connected in parallel there will be circulating currents in secondary and which will reflects in primary also. As Transformer internal impedance is very small this will leads to sufficiently high circulating currents and leads to high I²R losses.

2.   Transformers should have same Impedance and X/R ratio:-

     When Transformers same impedance then they share load according to their ratings. But if there is different X/R ratio then there will be difference in phase angle of current carried by Transformers which will leads to one Transformer working at Higher power factor then other. This will leads to unequal sharing of load of Transformers.

Thus we can easily say from above that Impedance is inversely proportion to Transformer rating. This means if transformer has same percentage impedance or per unit impedance then parallel operation will be done.

In case of single phase Transformers in Three phase banks it becomes very difficult of match Transformer impedances, so it is always good practice to match X/R ratio also for parallel operation of Transformers.

3. Transformers which are to be connected in Parallel should have same polarity.

Transformers which are undergoing parallel operation should have same voltage polarity at its output. If Transformers induced voltages have opposite polarity the this will leads to very high circulating currents and may even leads to short circuit at its output.

4. Transformers undergoing parallel operation should have same phase sequence.

For parallel operation Transformers should have same phase sequence. If this not done then this will leads to short circuits. This condition is of utmost importance for parallel operation of Transformers.

Thus we have seen the conditions for parallel operation of Transformers. 

For Tan-delta, Loss angle test visit link:-

http://electrialstandards.blogspot.com/2015/10/tan-delta-test-loss-angle-test.html

International and Indian Standards for Ring main Unit

Ring main units are integral parts of High voltage system.

These are used in HT system where there are different HT customers on same line. By using ring main unit these HT loads will be easily catered.

Ring main unit serves both purposes i.e. for supply to Transformers and also for protection of Transformers.

Ring main unit consists of following parts:-

1. Load break switch/ Circuit breaker

2. Earth switch

3. Isolators

Circuit breaker/Load break switch may be of Vaccum type of SF6 gas type.

Ring main units are usually maintenance free. Only concern is to look at SF6 gas indicator when there is gas at red indicator this means you doesn't operate the breaker otherwise explosion may takes place.

There are following codes and standards which are applicable on Ring main unit 

For Ring Main Units applicable Codes, Standards, rules, Acts:-

Standard or rule	Title
Indian Electricity rule	With latest Amendments
Indian Electricity act	2003
IS 3427	A.C. Metal Enclosed switchgear and control gear for rated voltages above 1 KV
IS 9920 Part 1,3 &4	High voltage switches above rated voltage 1 KV
IS 13118	General requirements of circuit breakers above rated voltage 1 KV
IS 3231	Electric relays for Power system protection
IEC 60265 part 1	High Voltage switches
IEC 60056	High voltage alternating current circuit breaker
IEC 60059	Preferred current ratings of high voltage switchgear
IEC 60185	Current Transformers
IEC 60694	Specifications of High voltage Switchgear
IEC 60298	A.C. Metal enclosed Switchgear
IEC 60129	A.C. Dis-connector and earth Switches
IEC 60529	Classification of degree of protection provided by enclosures
IS/IEC 62271-102 (2003)	High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear, Part 102: Alternating Current Disconnectors and Earthing Switches [ETD 8: High Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear]
IEC 60255	Electrical relays

Above list describes each and everything about Ring main units. These standards not only provides technical details during manufacturing but also provide details about how to ensure safety and protection system in HT switchgear.